OPIUM+War

=First OPIUM War=

Opium; Opium is a drug made from the poppy plant. Poppies grow in many different countries but most poppies today are used to make heroin and opium. In the past opium was widely used for both medical and recreational purposes. Opium can make people feel; Analgesia (relief of pain), feeling of warmth, feeling of security and well-being, intense euphoria (happiness and content), relief of diarrhea, relief of coughing, and an overall lift in the person's mood.

The First Anglo-China War was the First Opium War. It was occurred between United Kingdom and Qing Dynasty of China because of conflicting viewpoint on diplomatic trade. In Qing Dynasty, from Kangxi, there was isolation policy for foreign trade policy that foreign merchant were permitted trade only in Guang Dong province. They were strict on foreign trade. Such as export of weapons, food, all sorts of ironware was forbidden and restriction of number of silk. On that time, the British imported silk, tea, and pottery form China, in return, they gave a lot of silver to China. Then, the British exported Indian opium and cotton to China instead of silver; fee of China tea, for protection of outflow of silver. When period of 1830 began, silver’s value rose suddenly, which affected to finance and trade a lot in China. However, there was a serious problem that opium poisoning patients also were risen suddenly, which threatened dynasty. The End of 1838, Daoguang Emperor confiscated British opium and destroyed them to carry out opium prohibition order. Early period of August 1839, when the British were heard that opium prohibition, their assembly began to argue about that, and the result was military force by effect of Victory Queen. They occur war because monopoly import of opium from India, which was very important to Indian finance stability.Thus it was easy for the British to conquer India. The British protected opium trade because silver was secured by using opium, was used as a way to do global trade between USA, Australia, China, and India. In June 1840, George Elliot led the British fleet 40 and 4,000 troops from India to China and attacked them, which was beginning of the First Opium War. In 1840, the British military arrived in Guangzhou and repulsed army of Lin Zexu and then attacked Xiamen, later captured Zhejiang and Dinghai by attacking them. 2 ten thousand of Chinese military got defeated finally they surrendered to the British army. The British army attacked Zhejiang again in August, and in 1842, they invaded Nanjing. Finally, China entered into Nanking Treaty which is called inequality treaty in modern period. (grant an indemnity to the British and opening of five treaty ports, and the cession of Hong KongIsland) Thereby, trade monopoly of the Canton system could be concluded.
 * What happened in the First Opium War and Ending of the War?**

** How did Opium war affect to China (Ningbo)? **
Ningbo was one of the five Chinese treaty ports opened by the Treaty of Nanjing (signed in 1842) at the end of the First Opium War between Britain and China. British abolished the monopoly of the Chinese merchant guilds in Ningbo. British goods were imposed with a very low import tax, and British subjects were allowed to move freely inside China. Thus, Ningbo was developed very slowly. In addition, Shanghai grew quickly compared to Ningbo. So, many merchants in Ningbo went out to Shanghai and earned a lot of money. That is why there are many rich merchants from Ningbo in Shanghai today. British continued to sell Opium to Chinese. Gradually, the poisoning of Opium became a more serious problem. Every Chinese person wanted to buy Opium when they had money. The economy of China was going to decrease. In addition, as China was opened by force of British, China became semi-feudalism country and anti-colonialism. The level of capitalist and laborer were created. ** Finally, farmers rose in revolt many times. ** The advantage of opening Ningbo port, is that today, Ningbo is one of the most famous hometowns of oversea Chinese, with 300 thousand oversea Chinese with Ningbo domicile living in more than 50 countries and regions. And they are making great contributions to economy of Ningbo.

=Second OPIUM War=

Second OPIUM War
====When: The Second OPIUM War (1856-1860) was fought between Qing China on one side Great Britain and France on the other. In 1858, the Chinese signed the Treaty of Tianjin in which the British, French, Russians, and the United States opened 11 more Chinese ports to Western trade. The four states also won the right to open small embassies in Beijing, the opening of the interior of China, and navigation rights along the Yangtze River. China was also forced to pay war reparations to Britain and France. In 1859 when the British and French tried to go to Beijing, the Chinese denied the entry. A battle ensued, which forced the retreat of Western forces from near Beijing. In 1860, a large force of British and French captured Yantai and Dalian, then landed near Bei Tang.====

The Treaty of Nanking (Nanjing) ended the first Opium War on August 29th 1842. During the second Opium War the Treaties of Tianjin and Aigun ended the first part but shortly after the war continued because the Xianfeng Emperor was persuaded to resist the West by his ministers. On June 1858 the Treaty of Tianjin was finally ratified in October 1860.
 * Ending of Second Opium War**

[[image:locallegacyaian/800px-Chinese_officers_tear_down_the_British_flag_on_the_arrow.JPG]]
===It begin because to dispute over access to Chinese trade benefits. The British desired more concessions from the Chinese, including the opening of all of China to British merchant vessels but the Qing government of Emperor Xianfeng refused these requests. The direct cause of the war happened in October 1856 when Chinese officials boarded a Chinese owned ship named the Arrow and arrested 12 Chinese subjects for piracy. The British objected to this move, claiming that the ship had been recently registered by the British and was protected under the Treaty of Nanjing. The British also claimed that the vessel was flying the Union Jack and that this move by the Qing had offended British sovereignty. === === In 1857, the British attacked Guangzhou and captured the fort. The British asked for help from both the French and the Untied States. In 1858, the Western forces sailed to Tianjin and captured the forts near the city. === === In 1858, the Chinese signed the Treaty of Tianjin in which the British, French, Russians, and the U.S. opened 11 more Chinese ports to Western trade. China was also forced to pay war reparations to Britain and France. Right after the Qing agreed to this treaty, the Qing decided that they would try to resist further Western encroachment. === === In 1859 when the British and French tried to go to Beijing, the Chinese denied the entry. A battle ensued, which forced the retreat of Western forces from near Beijing. In 1860, a large force of British and French captured Yantai and Dalian, then landed near Bei Tang. In the resultant battle, the British-French coalition captured Dagu fort and took the town of Tienstin. ===